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Curriculum

147 Sections
805 Lessons
10 Weeks

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C Tutorial
7
- 1.1
  introduction
- 1.2
  Why to Learn C Programming?
- 1.3
  Facts about C
- 1.4
  Hello World using C Programming
- 1.5
  Applications of C Programming
- 1.6
  Audience
- 1.7
  Prerequisites
FAQs on C Programming
There are some very Frequently Asked Questions(FAQ) about C, this section tries to answer them briefly.
7
- 2.1
  Is C Programming still relevant today?
- 2.2
  What are the applications of C Programming?
- 2.3
  Is C Programming difficult to learn for beginners?
- 2.4
  What are the advantages of learning C Programming?
- 2.5
  What are the key features of C Programming that make it unique?
- 2.6
  What are the differences between C and other programming languages?
- 2.7
  How can learning C Programming benefit my career?
Recursion in C
6
- 3.1
  overview
- 3.2
  What is a Recursive Function in C?
- 3.3
  Why Recursion is Used in C?
- 3.4
  Factorial Using Recursion
- 3.5
  Binary Search Using Recursion
- 3.6
  Fibonacci Series Using Recursion
Return Statement in C
4
- 4.1
  overview
- 4.2
  Syntax of return Statement
- 4.3
  The void return statement
- 4.4
  Return type mismatch in return statement
C - Header Files
5
- 5.1
  overview
- 5.2
  Include Syntax
- 5.3
  Include Operation
- 5.4
  Once-Only Headers
- 5.5
  Computed Includes
C - Constants and Literals
5
- 6.1
  C – Storage Classes
- 6.2
  The auto Storage Class
- 6.3
  The register Storage Class
- 6.4
  The static Storage Class
- 6.5
  The extern Storage Class
C Language - Overview
7
- 7.1
  introduction
- 7.2
  Facts about C
- 7.3
  Why Use C Language?
- 7.4
  Advantages of C Language
- 7.5
  Drawbacks of C Language
- 7.6
  Applications of C Language
- 7.7
  Getting Started with C Programming
Features of C Programming Language
15
- 8.1
  overview
- 8.2
  C is a Procedural and Structured Language
- 8.3
  C is a General-Purpose Language
- 8.4
  C is a General-Purpose Language
- 8.5
  C is a Fast Programming Language
- 8.6
  C is Portable
- 8.7
  C is Extensible
- 8.8
  Standard Libraries in C
- 8.9
  Pointers in C
- 8.10
  C is a Mid-Level Programming Language
- 8.11
  C Has a Rich Set of Built-in Operators
- 8.12
  Recursion in C
- 8.13
  User-defined Data Types in C
- 8.14
  Preprocessor Directives in C
- 8.15
  File Handling in C
History of C Language
3
- 9.1
  overview
- 9.2
  Overview of C Language History
- 9.3
  History of C Versions After Traditional C
C - Environment Setup
7
- 10.1
  overview
- 10.2
  The C Compiler
- 10.3
  Installation on UNIX/Linux
- 10.4
  Installation on Mac OS
- 10.5
  Installation on Windows
- 10.6
  Text Editor
- 10.7
  Using an IDE
C - Program Structure
7
- 11.1
  overview
- 11.2
  The Preprocessor Section
- 11.3
  The main() Function
- 11.4
  The Global Declaration Section
- 11.5
  Subroutines in a C Program
- 11.6
  Comments in a C Program
- 11.7
  Structure of the C Program
C - Hello World
4
- 12.1
  overview
- 12.2
  Hello World in C Language
- 12.3
  The Step-by-Step Execution of a C Program
- 12.4
  Using CodeBlocks IDE for C Programming
Compilation Process in C
4
- 13.1
  overview
- 13.2
  Compiling a C Program
- 13.3
  C Compilation Process Steps
- 13.4
  What Goes Inside the C Compilation Process?
Comments in C
3
- 14.1
  overview
- 14.2
  Why to Use Comments in C Programming?
- 14.3
  Types of Comments in C
Tokens in C
7
- 15.1
  overview
- 15.2
  C Character set
- 15.3
  C Keywords
- 15.4
  C Literals
- 15.5
  C Identifiers
- 15.6
  C Operators
- 15.7
  C Special symbols
C - Variables
6
- 16.1
  overview
- 16.2
  Why Do We Use Variables in C?
- 16.3
  Naming Conventions of C Variables
- 16.4
  Variable Definition in C
- 16.5
  Variable Declaration in C
- 16.6
  Lvalues and Rvalues in C
Integer Promotions in C
4
- 17.1
  overview
- 17.2
  Integer Promotions
- 17.3
  When Integer Promotion is Applied?
- 17.4
  Integer Promotion Rules
Type Conversion in C
5
- 18.1
  overview
- 18.2
  Implicit Type Conversion in C
- 18.3
  Usual Arithmetic Conversion
- 18.4
  Explicit Type Conversion in C
- 18.5
  Typecasting Functions in C
Booleans in C
5
- 19.1
  overview
- 19.2
  Using enum to Implement Boolean Type in C
- 19.3
  typedef enum as BOOL
- 19.4
  Boolean Values with #define
- 19.5
  Boolean Type in stdbool.h
C - Constants
4
- 20.1
  overview
- 20.2
  Defining a Constant Using the const Keyword
- 20.3
  Defining a Constant Using the #define Directive
- 20.4
  Changing the Value of a Constant
C - Literals
6
- 21.1
  overview
- 21.2
  Integer Literals in C
- 21.3
  Floating-point Literals in C
- 21.4
  Character Literals in C
- 21.5
  Escape Sequences in C
- 21.6
  String Literals in C
Escape Sequence in C
2
- 22.1
  overview
- 22.2
  All Escape Sequences in C
Format Specifiers in C
9
- 23.1
  overview
- 23.2
  Why Do We Use Format Specifiers in C?
- 23.3
  Format Specifiers in printf() Function
- 23.4
  Format Specifiers in scanf() Function
- 23.5
  Types of Format Specifiers
- 23.6
  Integer Format Specifiers
- 23.7
  Floating-point Formats
- 23.8
  String Formats
- 23.9
  Format Specifiers in File IO Functions
Storage Classes in C
2
- 24.1
  overview
- 24.2
  Type of Storage Classes in C
C - Operators
9
- 25.1
  overview
- 25.2
  Arithmetic Operators
- 25.3
  Relational Operators
- 25.4
  Logical Operators
- 25.5
  Bitwise Operators
- 25.6
  Assignment Operators
- 25.7
  Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary
- 25.8
  Operators Precedence in C
- 25.9
  Other Operators in C
Arithmetic Operators in C
6
- 26.1
  overview
- 26.2
  Example: Arithmetic Operators in C
- 26.3
  Type Casting in C
- 26.4
  Arithmetic Operations with char Data Type
- 26.5
  Modulo Operator in C
- 26.6
  Negation Operator in C
Relational Operators in C
6
- 27.1
  overview
- 27.2
  Example 1
- 27.3
  Example 2
- 27.4
  Example 3
- 27.5
  Example 4
- 27.6
  Example 4
Logical Operators in C
4
- 28.1
  overview
- 28.2
  Logical AND (&&) Operator
- 28.3
  Logical OR (||) Operator
- 28.4
  Logical NOT (!) Operator
Bitwise Operators in C
7
- 29.1
  overview
- 29.2
  Bitwise AND Operator (&) in C
- 29.3
  Bitwise OR (|) Operator
- 29.4
  Bitwise XOR (^) Operator
- 29.5
  The Left Shift (<<) Operator
- 29.6
  The Right Shift (>>) Operator
- 29.7
  The 1’s Complement (~) Operator
Assignment Operators in C
3
- 30.1
  overview
- 30.2
  Simple Assignment Operator (=)
- 30.3
  Augmented Assignment Operators
Unary Operators in C
9
- 31.1
  overview
- 31.2
  The Increment Operator in C
- 31.3
  The Decrement Operator in C
- 31.4
  The Unary “+” Operator in C
- 31.5
  The Unary “−” Operator in C
- 31.6
  The Address-of Operator (&) in C
- 31.7
  The Dereference Operator (*) in C
- 31.8
  The Logical NOT Operator (!) in C
- 31.9
  The 1’s Complement Operator (~) in C
Increment and Decrement Operators in C
6
- 32.1
  overview
- 32.2
  Example 1
- 32.3
  Example 2
- 32.4
  Operator Precedence
- 32.5
  Using the Increment Operator in Loop
- 32.6
  Pointer Arithmetic in C
Ternary Operator in C
9
- 33.1
  overview
- 33.2
  Syntax of Ternary Operator in C
- 33.3
  Example 1: Ternary Operator in C
- 33.4
  Example 2
- 33.5
  Example 3
- 33.6
  Example 4
- 33.7
  Example 5
- 33.8
  Example 6
- 33.9
  Nested Ternary Operator
C - The sizeof Operator
7
- 34.1
  overview
- 34.2
  Example 1: Using the sizeof Operator in C
- 34.3
  Example 2: Using sizeof with Struct
- 34.4
  Example 3: Using sizeof with Array
- 34.5
  Example 4: Using sizeof to Find the Length of an Array
- 34.6
  Example 5: Using sizeof in Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 34.7
  Example 6: The Size of a Pointer in C
Operator Precedence in C
3
- 35.1
  overview
- 35.2
  Operator Associativity
- 35.3
  Precedence of Post / Prefix Increment / Decrement Operators
C - Misc Operators
7
- 36.1
  overview
- 36.2
  The sizeof Operator in C
- 36.3
  Address-of Operator in C
- 36.4
  The Dereference Operator in C
- 36.5
  The Ternary Operator in C
- 36.6
  The Dot (.) Operator in C
- 36.7
  The Indirection Operator in C
C - Decision Making
9
- 37.1
  overview
- 37.2
  If Statement in C Programming
- 37.3
  If…else Statement in C Programming
- 37.4
  Nested If Statements in C Programming
- 37.5
  Switch Statement in C Programming
- 37.6
  The ?: Operator in C Programming
- 37.7
  The Break Statement in C Programming
- 37.8
  The Continue Statement in C Programming
- 37.9
  The goto Statement in C Programming
C - The If Statement
9
- 38.1
  overview
- 38.2
  C – if Statement
- 38.3
  Syntax of if Statement
- 38.4
  How if Statement Works?
- 38.5
  Flowchart of if Statement
- 38.6
  Example of if Statement in C
- 38.7
  if Statement with Logical Operations
- 38.8
  Multiple if Statements
- 38.9
  Checking Multiple Conditions With if Statement
C - The if-else Statement
5
- 39.1
  overview
- 39.2
  Syntax of if-else Statement
- 39.3
  Flowchart of if-else Statement
- 39.4
  C if-else Statement Examples
- 39.5
  The else-if Statement in C
C - Nested If Statements
5
- 40.1
  overview
- 40.2
  Example 1
- 40.3
  Example 2
- 40.4
  Example 3
- 40.5
  Example 4
C - The Switch Statement
7
- 41.1
  overview
- 41.2
  C switch-case Statement.
- 41.3
  Syntax of switch-case Statement
- 41.4
  How switch-case Statement Work?
- 41.5
  Flowchart of switch-case Statement
- 41.6
  Rules for Using the switch-case Statement
- 41.7
  C switch-case Statement Examples
C - Nested Switch Statements
3
- 42.1
  overview
- 42.2
  Example
- 42.3
  Nested Switch-Case Statements in C
C - Loops
8
- 43.1
  overview
- 43.2
  Flowchart of C Loop Statement
- 43.3
  Example: Loops in C
- 43.4
  Example: Using While Loop in C
- 43.5
  Parts of C Loops
- 43.6
  Looping Statements in C
- 43.7
  Loop Control Statements in C
- 43.8
  The Infinite Loop in C
C - While Loop
9
- 44.1
  overview
- 44.2
  Syntax of C while Loop
- 44.3
  Flowchart of C while Loop
- 44.4
  How while Loop Works in C?
- 44.5
  Example of while Loop in C
- 44.6
  Using while as Conditional Loop
- 44.7
  While Loop with break and continue
- 44.8
  More Examples of C while Loop
- 44.9
  while Vs. do while Loops
For Loop in C
12
- 45.1
  overview
- 45.2
  Syntax of for Loop
- 45.3
  Control Flow of a For Loop
- 45.4
  Flowchart of for Loop
- 45.5
  Example: Basic for Loop
- 45.6
  Initializing for Loop Counter Before Loop Statement
- 45.7
  Initializing for Loop Counter Before Loop Statement
- 45.8
  Updating Loop Counter Inside for Loop Body
- 45.9
  Using Test Condition Inside for Loop Body
- 45.10
  Using for Loops with Multiple Counters
- 45.11
  Decrement in for Loop
- 45.12
  Traversing Arrays with for Loops
Do-While Loop in C
7
- 46.1
  overview
- 46.2
  Syntax of do while Loop
- 46.3
  How do while Loop Works?
- 46.4
  Flowchart of do while Loop
- 46.5
  Example of do while Loop
- 46.6
  Difference Between while and do while Loops
- 46.7
  Difference Between while and do while Loops
Nested Loops in C
5
- 47.1
  overview
- 47.2
  Nested Loops
- 47.3
  Nested For Loops
- 47.4
  Nesting a While Loop Inside a For Loop
- 47.5
  C Nested Loops Examples
C - Infinite Loop
6
- 48.1
  overview
- 48.2
  Flowchart of an Infinite Loop
- 48.3
  How to Create an Infinite Loop in C?
- 48.4
  Types of Infinite Loops in C
- 48.5
  How to Break an Infinite Loop in C?
- 48.6
  How to Stop an Infinite Loop Forcefully in C?
Break Statement in C
6
- 49.1
  overview
- 49.2
  Flowchart of Break Statement in C
- 49.3
  Break Statements in While Loops
- 49.4
  Break Statements in For Loops
- 49.5
  Break Statement in an Infinite Loop
- 49.6
  Break Statements in Switch Case
Continue Statement in C
6
- 50.1
  overview
- 50.2
  What is Continue Statement in C?
- 50.3
  Continue Statement Syntax
- 50.4
  Continue Statement Flowchart
- 50.5
  Continue Statement with Nested Loops
- 50.6
  Continue Statement Examples
Goto Statement in C
5
- 51.1
  What is goto Statement in C?
- 51.2
  goto Statement Syntax
- 51.3
  goto Statement Flowchart
- 51.4
  goto Statement Examples
- 51.5
  Avoid Using the goto Statement in C
Functions in C
9
- 52.1
  overview
- 52.2
  Modular Programming in C
- 52.3
  Library Functions in C
- 52.4
  Defining a Function in C
- 52.5
  Parts of a Function in C
- 52.6
  Calling a Function in C
- 52.7
  Calling a Function in C
- 52.8
  The main() Function in C
- 52.9
  Function Arguments
C - Main Function
8
- 53.1
  overview
- 53.2
  Syntax of C main() Function
- 53.3
  Valid Signatures of C main() Function
- 53.4
  Example of C main() Function.
- 53.5
  Important Points about C main() Function
- 53.6
  How does main() Works in C?
- 53.7
  The exit() in C main() Function
- 53.8
  Command-line Arguments with main() in C
Function Call by Value in C
3
- 54.1
  overview
- 54.2
  Formal Arguments and Actual Arguments
- 54.3
  How Does “Call by Value” Work in C?
Function Call by Reference in C
5
- 55.1
  overview
- 55.2
  The Address Operator (&) in C
- 55.3
  What is a Pointer in C?
- 55.4
  How Does Call by Reference Work in C?
- 55.5
  Mixing Call by Value and Call by Reference
Nested Functions in C
5
- 56.1
  overview
- 56.2
  What is Lexical Scoping?
- 56.3
  Nested Functions Have Limited Use
- 56.4
  Trampolines for Nested Functions
- 56.5
  Nested Functions: Points to Note
Variadic Functions in C
4
- 57.1
  overview
- 57.2
  Variadic Function in C
- 57.3
  Syntax of Variadic Functions
- 57.4
  Examples of Variadic Functions in C
User-defined Functions in C
5
- 58.1
  overview
- 58.2
  What is User-Defined Function in C?
- 58.3
  Creating a User-defined Function
- 58.4
  Example of User-Defined Function
- 58.5
  Formal and Actual Arguments in User-Defined Function
Callback Function in C
5
- 59.1
  overview
- 59.2
  Callback Function
- 59.3
  Example of Callback Function in C
- 59.4
  Callback Function With Arguments
- 59.5
  Types of Callbacks in C
Multiple return values with return statement
3
- 60.1
  overview
- 60.2
  Function returning an array
- 60.3
  exit() instead of return statement
C - Scope Rules
5
- 61.1
  overview
- 61.2
  Local Variables
- 61.3
  Global Variables
- 61.4
  Formal Parameters
- 61.5
  Initializing Local and Global Variables
Static Variables in C
7
- 62.1
  overview
- 62.2
  Static Variables
- 62.3
  Features of Static Variables
- 62.4
  Declare a Static Variable.
- 62.5
  Examples of Static Variables in C
- 62.6
  Passing Static Variable to Function
- 62.7
  Similarities Between Static and Global Variables
Global Variables in C
7
- 63.1
  overview
- 63.2
  Declaring Global Variable
- 63.3
  Example of Global Variable in C
- 63.4
  Accessing Global Variables
- 63.5
  Scope and Accessibility of Global Variables
- 63.6
  Accessing Global Variables With extern Keyword
- 63.7
  Avoid Using Global Variables
Arrays in C
8
- 64.1
  overview
- 64.2
  What is an Array in C?
- 64.3
  Why Do We Use Arrays in C?
- 64.4
  Declaration of an Array in C
- 64.5
  Initialization of an Array in C
- 64.6
  Getting Size of an Array in C
- 64.7
  Accessing Array Elements in C
- 64.8
  More on C Arrays
C - Properties of Array
10
- 65.1
  overview
- 65.2
  Collection of Same Data Type
- 65.3
  Contiguous Memory Allocation
- 65.4
  Fixed Size
- 65.5
  Length Depends on Type
- 65.6
  Indexing
- 65.7
  Pointer Relationship
- 65.8
  Lower and Upper Bounds
- 65.9
  Multi-dimensional Array
- 65.10
  Implementation of Complex Data Structures
Multi-dimensional Arrays in C
6
- 66.1
  overview
- 66.2
  Multidimensional Arrays in C
- 66.3
  Two-dimensional Array in C
- 66.4
  Three-dimensional Array in C
- 66.5
  Row-wise Sum of Multidimensional Array’s Elements
- 66.6
  Matrix Multiplication
Passing Arrays as Function Arguments in C
5
- 67.1
  overview
- 67.2
  Passing an Array with Call by Value Method
- 67.3
  Passing an Array with Call by Reference Method
- 67.4
  Pass a Two-dimensional Array to a Function
- 67.5
  Function to Compare String Lengths
Return an Array from a Function in C
6
- 68.1
  overview
- 68.2
  Passing an Array by Reference
- 68.3
  Return a Static Array
- 68.4
  Using the malloc() Function
- 68.5
  Using Array Element in Struct
- 68.6
  Return a String from a Function
Variable Length Arrays in C
4
- 69.1
  overview
- 69.2
  Creating a Variable Length Array
- 69.3
  Two-dimensional Variable Length Arrays
- 69.4
  Jagged Array
Pointers in C
7
- 70.1
  overview
- 70.2
  Example: Address of the Variables
- 70.3
  What are Pointers?
- 70.4
  Referencing and Dereferencing in C
- 70.5
  How to Use Pointers?
- 70.6
  NULL Pointers
- 70.7
  Pointers in Detail
Pointers and Arrays in C
6
- 71.1
  overview
- 71.2
  Arrays in C
- 71.3
  Declaring an Array
- 71.4
  Pointers in C
- 71.5
  The Dereference Operator in C
- 71.6
  Points to Note
Applications of Pointers in C
8
- 72.1
  overview
- 72.2
  Using Pointers to Access Array Elements
- 72.3
  Dynamic Memory Allocation
- 72.4
  The malloc() Function
- 72.5
  The calloc() Function
- 72.6
  The realloc() Function
- 72.7
  Passing Arguments to a Function as a Reference
- 72.8
  Passing an Array to a Function
Pointer Arithmetics in C
4
- 73.1
  overview
- 73.2
  Increment/Decrement of a Pointer
- 73.3
  Addition/Subtraction of Pointers
- 73.4
  Pointer Comparisons
Array of Pointers in C
3
- 74.1
  What is an Array of Pointers?
- 74.2
  An Array of Pointers to Integers
- 74.3
  An Array of Pointers to Characters
Pointer to Pointer (Double Pointer) in C
6
- 75.1
  What is a Double Pointer in C?
- 75.2
  How Does a Normal Pointer Work in C?
- 75.3
  How Does a Normal Pointer Work in C?
- 75.4
  How Does a Double Pointer Work?
- 75.5
  A Double Pointer Behaves Just Like a Normal Pointer
- 75.6
  Multilevel Pointers in C (Is a Triple Pointer Possible?)
Passing Pointers to Functions in C.
6
- 76.1
  overview
- 76.2
  Example
- 76.3
  Swap Values by Passing Pointers
- 76.4
  Passing an Array Pointer to a Function
- 76.5
  Passing String Pointers to a Function
- 76.6
  Passing Struct Pointer to a Function
Return a Pointer from a Function in C
4
- 77.1
  overview
- 77.2
  Return a Static Array from a Function in C
- 77.3
  Return a String from a Function in C
- 77.4
  Return a Struct Pointer from a Function in C
Function Pointers in C
6
- 78.1
  overview
- 78.2
  Syntax: Pointer to a Function
- 78.3
  Example
- 78.4
  Function Pointer with Arguments
- 78.5
  Pointer to Function with Pointer Arguments
- 78.6
  Array of Function Pointers
Pointer to an Array in C
3
- 79.1
  overview
- 79.2
  Example
- 79.3
  Array Names as Constant Pointers
Pointers to Structures in C
6
- 80.1
  overview
- 80.2
  Syntax: Defining and Declaring a Structure
- 80.3
  Accessing the Elements of a Structure
- 80.4
  Using the Indirection Operator
- 80.5
  Points to Note
- 80.6
  Why Do We Need Pointers to Structures?
Chain of Pointers in C
5
- 81.1
  overview
- 81.2
  How Does the Dereferencing Work?
- 81.3
  A Chain of Float Pointers
- 81.4
  Updating the Original Variable by Dereferencing
- 81.5
  A Chain of Character Pointers
Pointer vs Array in C
4
- 82.1
  overview
- 82.2
  Arrays in C
- 82.3
  Pointers in C
- 82.4
  Difference between Arrays and Pointers in C
Character Pointers and Functions in C
6
- 83.1
  overview
- 83.2
  Example 1
- 83.3
  Example 2
- 83.4
  The strlen() Function
- 83.5
  The strcpy() Function
- 83.6
  The strcmp() Function
NULL Pointer in C
6
- 84.1
  overview
- 84.2
  Syntax
- 84.3
  Applications of NULL Pointer
- 84.4
  Check Whether a Pointer is NULL
- 84.5
  Check Memory Allocation Using NULL Pointer
- 84.6
  NULL File Pointer
void Pointer in C
5
- 85.1
  overview
- 85.2
  Syntax
- 85.3
  Example
- 85.4
  An Array of void Pointers
- 85.5
  Application of void Pointers
Dangling Pointers in C
6
- 86.1
  overview
- 86.2
  Why Do We Get Dangling Pointers in C?
- 86.3
  De-allocation of Memory
- 86.4
  Accessing an Out-of-Bounds Memory Location
- 86.5
  When a Variable Goes Out of Scope
- 86.6
  How to Fix Dangling Pointers?
Dereference Pointer in C
7
- 87.1
  overview
- 87.2
  What is Dereferencing?
- 87.3
  Using the Dereference Pointer to Update a Variable
- 87.4
  Dereferencing a Double Pointer
- 87.5
  Dereferencing a Struct Pointer
- 87.6
  Dereferencing a Nested Struct Pointer
- 87.7
  Dereferencing a Nested Struct Pointer
Near Far and Huge Pointers in C
6
- 88.1
  overview
- 88.2
  Near Pointer
- 88.3
  Far Pointer
- 88.4
  Huge Pointer
- 88.5
  Points to Note about Near, Far and Huge Pointers
- 88.6
  Conclusion
Initialization of Pointer Arrays in C
5
- 89.1
  overview
- 89.2
  Initializing an Array of Pointers
- 89.3
  Traversing an Array with its Base Address
- 89.4
  Array of Strings
- 89.5
  Dynamic Array of Pointers
Pointers vs Multi-dimensional Arrays in C
5
- 90.1
  overview
- 90.2
  Pointers and One−dimensional Arrays
- 90.3
  Pointers and One−dimensional Arrays
- 90.4
  Pointer and 2D Arrays
- 90.5
  Pointer and 3D Arrays
Strings in C
8
- 91.1
  overview
- 91.2
  Example: Creating a String in C
- 91.3
  The %s Format Specifier
- 91.4
  Constructing a String using Double Quotes
- 91.5
  String Input
- 91.6
  String Input with Whitespace
- 91.7
  The gets() and fgets() Function
- 91.8
  puts() and fputs()
Array of Strings in C
5
- 92.1
  overview
- 92.2
  Declare and Initialize an Array of Strings
- 92.3
  Using Pointers for Better Memory Management
- 92.4
  Find the String with the Largest Length
- 92.5
  Sort a String Array in Ascending Order
Special Characters in C
10
- 93.1
  overview
- 93.2
  Parentheses ()
- 93.3
  Braces { }
- 93.4
  Square Brackets [ ]
- 93.5
  Asterisk (*)
- 93.6
  Ampersand (&)
- 93.7
  Comma (,)
- 93.8
  Semicolon (;)
- 93.9
  Dot (.)
- 93.10
  Arrow (→)
Structures in C
6
- 94.1
  overview
- 94.2
  Defining a Structure
- 94.3
  Accessing the Structure Members
- 94.4
  Structures as Function Arguments
- 94.5
  Pointers to Structures
- 94.6
  Bit Fields
Structures and Functions in C
8
- 95.1
  overview
- 95.2
  How to Pass Struct Elements
- 95.3
  How to Pass a Struct Variable
- 95.4
  How to Pass a Struct Variable
- 95.5
  How to Pass a Struct Variable
- 95.6
  How to Return Struct from a Function
- 95.7
  How to Pass a Struct by Reference
- 95.8
  How to Return a Struct Pointer
Array of Structures in C
6
- 96.1
  overview
- 96.2
  Initializing a Struct Array
- 96.3
  Declaring a Struct Array
- 96.4
  Reading a Struct Array
- 96.5
  Sorting a Struct Array
- 96.6
  Declaring a Pointer to a Struct Array
Self-referential Structures in C
5
- 97.1
  What are Self-referential Structures?
- 97.2
  Defining a Self-referential Structure
- 97.3
  Creating a Linked List with Self-referential Structure
- 97.4
  Creating a Doubly Linked List with Self-referential Structure
- 97.5
  Creating a Tree with Self-referential Structure
Lookup Tables in C
6
- 98.1
  overview
- 98.2
  Example 1
- 98.3
  Example 2
- 98.4
  Example 3
- 98.5
  Example 4
- 98.6
  Lookup Tables in 7-Segment LED Display
Dot (.) Operator in C
7
- 99.1
  overview
- 99.2
  Syntax
- 99.3
  Dot Operator with Struct
- 99.4
  Dot Operator with Union
- 99.5
  Dot Operator with Nested Structure
- 99.6
  Accessing the Members Using the Arrow Operator
- 99.7
  Accessing the Elements of a Nested Inner Structure
Enumeration (or enum) in C
3
- 100.1
  overview
- 100.2
  Defining and Declaring an Enum Type
- 100.3
  Applications of Enums
Nested Structures in C
5
- 101.1
  overview
- 101.2
  What is a Nested Structure?
- 101.3
  Defining an Inline Structure
- 101.4
  Method 2: Including the Element of Another Structure
- 101.5
  Pointer to Nested Structure
Structure Padding and Packing in C
3
- 102.1
  OVERVIEW
- 102.2
  Structure Padding
- 102.3
  Structure Packing
Anonymous Structures and Unions in C
4
- 103.1
  overview
- 103.2
  Anonymous Structure
- 103.3
  Anonymous Union
- 103.4
  Advantages of Anonymous Struct and Union
Unions in C
4
- 104.1
  overview
- 104.2
  Defining a Union
- 104.3
  Difference between Structure and Union
- 104.4
  Accessing the Union Members
Bit Fields in C
3
- 105.1
  overview
- 105.2
  Example
- 105.3
  Bit Field Declaration
Typedef in C
10
- 106.1
  overview
- 106.2
  Syntax
- 106.3
  Example 1
- 106.4
  Example 1
- 106.5
  Example 2
- 106.6
  Example 3
- 106.7
  Defining a Structure using Typedef
- 106.8
  Typedef for Struct Pointer
- 106.9
  Typedef for Union
- 106.10
  typedef vs #define in C
Input and Output Functions in C
7
- 107.1
  overview
- 107.2
  The Standard Files in C
- 107.3
  The getchar() and putchar() Functions
- 107.4
  The gets() and puts() Functions
- 107.5
  The fgets() Function
- 107.6
  The scanf() and printf() Functions
- 107.7
  Format Specifiers in C
File Handling in C
14
- 108.1
  overview
- 108.2
  Opening a New or an Existing File
- 108.3
  Types of Files
- 108.4
  Closing a File
- 108.5
  File IO Functions
- 108.6
  Writing into a File
- 108.7
  The fputc() Function
- 108.8
  The fputs() Function.
- 108.9
  The fprintf() Function
- 108.10
  Reading a File
- 108.11
  The fgetc() Function
- 108.12
  The fgets() Function
- 108.13
  The fscanf() Function
- 108.14
  Binary I/O Functions
Preprocessors in C
6
- 109.1
  overview
- 109.2
  Preprocessor Directives in C
- 109.3
  Preprocessors Examples
- 109.4
  Predefined Macros in C
- 109.5
  Preprocessor Operators
- 109.6
  Parameterized Macros in C
#pragma Directive in C
8
- 110.1
  overview
- 110.2
  Types of Pragma Directives in C
- 110.3
  #pragma startup and exit
- 110.4
  #pragma warn
- 110.5
  #pragma GCC poison
- 110.6
  #pragma GCC dependency
- 110.7
  #pragma GCC system_header
- 110.8
  #pragma once
Preprocessor Operators in C
6
- 111.1
  overview
- 111.2
  Continuation Operator (/) in C
- 111.3
  Stringizing Operator (#) in C
- 111.4
  Token Pasting Operator (##) in C
- 111.5
  The defined Operator in C
- 111.6
  Macros in C
Macros in C
7
- 112.1
  overview
- 112.2
  Object-like macro
- 112.3
  Function-like Macro
- 112.4
  Macro without Arguments
- 112.5
  Chained Macros
- 112.6
  Variadic Macros
- 112.7
  Predefined Macros
C - Type Casting
3
- 113.1
  overview
- 113.2
  Integer Promotion
- 113.3
  Usual Arithmetic Conversion
C - Error Handling
4
- 114.1
  overview
- 114.2
  errno, perror(). and strerror()
- 114.3
  Divide by Zero Errors
- 114.4
  Program Exit Status
C - Variable Arguments
1
- 115.1
  overview
C - Memory Management
3
- 116.1
  overview
- 116.2
  Allocating Memory Dynamically
- 116.3
  Resizing and Releasing Memory
C - Command Line Arguments
1
- 117.1
  overview
C Programming Questions and Answers
1
- 118.1
  overview
C - Environment Setup
7
- 119.1
  Local Environment Setup
- 119.2
  Text Editor
- 119.3
  The C Compiler
- 119.4
  Installation on UNIX/Linux
- 119.5
  Installation on Mac OS
- 119.6
  Installation on Windows
- 119.7
  Installation on Windows
C - Program Structure
3
- 120.1
  overview
- 120.2
  Hello World Example
- 120.3
  Compile and Execute C Program
C - Basic Syntax
8
- 121.1
  overview
- 121.2
  Tokens in C
- 121.3
  Semicolons
- 121.4
  Comments
- 121.5
  Identifiers
- 121.6
  Keywords
- 121.7
  Keywords
- 121.8
  Whitespace in C
C - Data Types
4
- 122.1
  overview
- 122.2
  Integer Types
- 122.3
  Floating-Point Types
- 122.4
  The void Type
C - Variables
4
- 123.1
  overview
- 123.2
  Variable Definition in C
- 123.3
  Variable Declaration in C
- 123.4
  Lvalues and Rvalues in C
C - Constants and Literals
8
- 124.1
  overview
- 124.2
  Integer Literals
- 124.3
  Floating-point Literals
- 124.4
  Character Constants
- 124.5
  String Literals
- 124.6
  Defining Constants
- 124.7
  The #define Preprocessor
- 124.8
  The const Keyword
C - Operators
8
- 125.1
  overview
- 125.2
  Arithmetic Operators
- 125.3
  Relational Operators
- 125.4
  Logical Operators
- 125.5
  Bitwise Operators
- 125.6
  Assignment Operators
- 125.7
  Misc Operators ↦ sizeof & ternary
- 125.8
  Operators Precedence in C
C - Decision Making
2
- 126.1
  overview
- 126.2
  The ? : Operator
C - Loops
3
- 127.1
  overview
- 127.2
  Loop Control Statements
- 127.3
  The Infinite Loop
C - Functions
6
- 128.1
  overview
- 128.2
  Defining a Function
- 128.3
  Example
- 128.4
  Function Declarations
- 128.5
  Calling a Function
- 128.6
  Function Arguments
C - Scope Rules
5
- 129.1
  overview
- 129.2
  Local Variables
- 129.3
  Global Variables
- 129.4
  Formal Parameters
- 129.5
  Initializing Local and Global Variables
C - Arrays
5
- 130.1
  overview
- 130.2
  Declaring Arrays
- 130.3
  Initializing Arrays
- 130.4
  Accessing Array Elements
- 130.5
  Arrays in Detail
C - Pointers
5
- 131.1
  overview
- 131.2
  What are Pointers?
- 131.3
  How to Use Pointers?
- 131.4
  NULL Pointers
- 131.5
  Pointers in Detail
C - Strings
1
- 132.1
  overview
C - Structures
6
- 133.1
  overview
- 133.2
  Defining a Structure
- 133.3
  Accessing Structure Members
- 133.4
  Structures as Function Arguments
- 133.5
  Pointers to Structures
- 133.6
  Bit Fields
C - Unions
3
- 134.1
  overview
- 134.2
  Defining a Union
- 134.3
  Accessing Union Members
C - Bit Fields
2
- 135.1
  overview
- 135.2
  Bit Field Declaration
C - typedef
2
- 136.1
  overview
- 136.2
  typedef vs #define
C - Input and Output
5
- 137.1
  overview
- 137.2
  The Standard Files
- 137.3
  The getchar() and putchar() Functions
- 137.4
  The gets() and puts() Functions
- 137.5
  The scanf() and printf() Functions
C - File I/O
6
- 138.1
  overview
- 138.2
  Opening Files
- 138.3
  Closing a File
- 138.4
  Writing a File
- 138.5
  Reading a File
- 138.6
  Binary I/O Functions
C - Preprocessors
5
- 139.1
  overview
- 139.2
  Preprocessors Examples
- 139.3
  Predefined Macros
- 139.4
  Preprocessor Operators
- 139.5
  Parameterized Macros
C - Header Files
5
- 140.1
  overview
- 140.2
  Include Syntax
- 140.3
  Include Operation
- 140.4
  Once-Only Headers
- 140.5
  Computed Includes
C - Type Casting
3
- 141.1
  overview
- 141.2
  Integer Promotion
- 141.3
  Usual Arithmetic Conversion
C - Error Handling
5
- 142.1
  overview
- 142.2
  errno, perror(). and strerror()
- 142.3
  Divide by Zero Errors
- 142.4
  Program Exit Status
- 142.5
  Program Exit Status
C - Recursion
3
- 143.1
  overview
- 143.2
  Number Factorial
- 143.3
  Fibonacci Series
C - Variable Arguments
1
- 144.1
  overview
C - Memory Management
3
- 145.1
  overview
- 145.2
  Allocating Memory Dynamically
- 145.3
  Resizing and Releasing Memory
C - Command Line Arguments
1
- 146.1
  overview
Discuss C
1
- 147.1
  overview

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